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An algae bloom is a rapid increase of algae in water, usually caused by excess nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, sewage, or runoff), warm temperatures, and sunlight. These blooms can turn the water green, red, or brown, and may deplete oxygen, harm aquatic life, and sometimes produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals.

Chlorophyll a is often measured in water studies because it is a good indicator of algae abundance. Since almost all algae contain chlorophyll a, its concentration tells scientists how much algae is present in a lake, river, or ocean. High levels usually suggest nutrient pollution and possible risk of algal blooms.